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:''This article is about the musical form. For the cyclic isomers of monosaccharides, see Monosaccharide#Structure and nomenclature.'' Cyclic form is a technique of musical construction, involving multiple sections or movements, in which a theme, melody, or thematic material occurs in more than one movement as a unifying device. Sometimes a theme may occur at the beginning and end (for example, in Mendelssohn's A minor String Quartet or Brahms's Symphony No. 3); other times a theme occurs in a different guise in every part (e.g. Berlioz, ''Symphonie Fantastique'', and Saint-Saëns's 'Organ' Symphony. The technique has a complex history, having fallen into disuse in the Baroque and Classical eras, but steadily increasing in use during the nineteenth century . The Renaissance cyclic mass, which incorporates a usually well-known portion of plainsong as a cantus firmus in each of its sections, is an early use of this principle of unity in a multiple-section form . Examples can also be found in late-sixteenth- and seventeenth-century instrumental music, for instance in the canzonas, sonatas, and suites by composers such as Samuel Scheidt, in which a ground bass may recur in each movement (; ). When the movements are short enough and begin to be heard as a single entity rather than many, the boundaries begin to blur between cyclic form and variation form. Cyclic technique is not typically found in the instrumental music of the most famous composers from the Baroque and 'high classical' eras, though it may still be found in the music of such figures as Luigi Boccherini and Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (; ). It is hard to find overt instances of thematic recall between movements in Mozart, for example, and Haydn uses the technique on only a few occasions—such as at the end of the Symphony No. 31, where the music recalls the horn call heard at the very opening of the work . In sacred vocal music, on the other hand, there are some important exceptional examples, such as Johann Sebastian Bach’s Mass in B minor and Mozart’s Mass in C major, K. 317 . Although other composers were already using this technique, it is Beethoven's example that really popularised cyclic form for subsequent Romantics composers . In the Fifth Symphony a large part of the scherzo movement is recalled to end the finale's development section and lead into the recapitulation; the Ninth Symphony's finale rapidly presents explicit reminiscences of the three preceding movements before discovering the idea that is to be its own principal theme; while both the Piano Sonata Op. 101 and Cello Sonata Op. 102 No. 2 similarly recall earlier movements before their finales. Many composers in the nineteenth century followed Beethoven's lead. In the 1820s both Franz Schubert and the young Felix Mendelssohn wrote numerous important cyclic works: Schubert, in the ''Wanderer Fantasy'' (1822) created a '4-in-1' double-function design that would leave its mark decades later on Liszt, while Mendelssohn, in such works as the Octet (1825) and String Quartet No. 2 (1827) created highly integrated musical forms that proved influential for later Romantic composers . Another significant model was given by Hector Berlioz in his programmatic Symphonie Fantastique of 1830, whose 'idee fixe' serves as a cyclic theme throughout the five movements. By the 1840s the technique is already quite established, being found in several works by Robert Schumann, Fanny Hensel, Niels Gade, Franz Berwald, and the earliest compositions of César Franck . Mid-century, Franz Liszt in works such as the B minor Piano Sonata (1853) did a lot to popularize the cyclic techniques of thematic transformation and double-function form established by Schubert and Berlioz. Liszt’s sonata begins with a clear statement of several thematic units and each unit is extensively used and developed throughout the piece. By late in the century, cyclic form had become an extremely common principle of construction, most likely because the increasing length and complexity of multiple-movement works demanded a unifying method stronger than mere key relation. At the beginning of the twentieth century Vincent d'Indy, a pupil of Franck, promoted the use of the term 'cyclic' to describe the technique . The term is more debatable in cases where the resemblance is less clear, such as in the works of Beethoven, who used very basic fragments. Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 is an example of cyclic form in which a theme is used throughout the symphony, but with different orchestration. They all have the "short-short-short-long" four-note motive embedded into each movement. ==Examples== Examples of 'cyclic' works from the classical era and afterwards are: *Haydn - Symphony No. 31: material from start of first movement recalled at the end of the finale *Haydn - Symphony No. 46: material from the menuetto third movement recalled in the finale *Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 13 *Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 28 *Beethoven - Symphony No. 5: material from Scherzo movement recalled in the finale *Beethoven - Symphony No. 9: all three movements are briefly revisited in the finale *Schubert – ''Divertissement a la Hongroise'' *Schubert – ''Wanderer Fantasy'': entire piece based on thematic transformation *Schubert – Piano Trio No. 2 *Mendelssohn - Piano Sextet: material from Scherzo movement recalled in the finale *Mendelssohn - Octet: material from Scherzo movement recalled in the finale, plus allusions to first and second movements *Mendelssohn - Piano Sonata in E, Op. 6: opening of first movement recalled at end of finale *Mendelssohn - String Quartet in A minor, Op. 13: introduction to first movement recalled at end of finale, first movement and second movement recalled during finale. *Mendelssohn - String Quartet in E flat, Op. 12: first movement recalled in finale *Mendelssohn - Symphony No. 3: thematic transformation across all four movements *Berlioz - Symphonie Fantastique: 'idee fixe' heard in all five movements *Berlioz - Harold in Italy: 'idee fixe' heard in all four movements *Schumann - Symphony No. 2 *Schumann - Symphony No. 4: thematic transformation across all four movements *Schumann - Piano Quintet *Gade - Symphony No. 1: first movement recalled in finale *Liszt – Sonata in B minor *Liszt – Faust Symphony *Saint-Saëns - Symphony No. 3: thematic transformation across all four movements *Franck – Symphony in D minor *Franck – Violin Sonata *Franck – String Quartet *Brahms - Quartet No. 3 *Brahms - Symphony No. 3 *Brahms - Clarinet Quintet *Bruckner - Symphony No. 8 *Tchaikovsky - Symphony No. 4: 'motto' of first movement recalled in the finale *Tchaikovsky - Symphony No. 5: 'motto' of first movement recalled in all later movements; first movement's first subject recalled in the finale *Elgar - Symphony No. 1: 'motto' theme from the 1st movement returns in the scherzo and finale *Elgar - Symphony No. 2: 'motto' theme from the 1st movement returns in the slow movement and finale *Rachmaninoff – Symphony No. 1 *Enescu – Octet for Strings in C major *Enescu – Symphony No. 1 *Prokofiev - Symphony No. 6: theme from first movement recalled in the finale 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「cyclic form」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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